in section Oncology
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Tumors - tumors, neoplasms, excessive abnormal growths of tissue consisting of qualitatively changed, lost differentiation of cells in the body.
The tumor cells continue to multiply and after the termination of the factors which have caused the tumor. Tumors - a "plus cell proliferation, minus their differentiation." The properties of tumor cells are transmitted to their offspring. The true tumor increases due to own cell reproduction, unlike various swellings ( "false" tumor) arising from injury, inflammation, or circulatory disorder. For a true tumor also include leukemias. The study deals with the tumor oncology.
Tumors It is known not only in humans and animals of various classes, but also in plants. plant tumors can vary from animal tumors in biological entity. Best studied human tumors and several domestic and laboratory animals (mice, rats, hamsters, dogs).
From clinical and morphological points of view, benign and malignant tumors are distinguished. Benign tumors grow, pushing (and sometimes compressing) surrounding tissues; Malignant tumors germinate into surrounding tissues and destroy them, with the blood and lymphatic vessels usually damaged, the tumor cells enter the blood or lymph flow, are carried throughout the body and can settle in various organs and tissues, forming metastases. Benign tumors do not metastasize, but can pose a hazard due to their localization (eg, compression of the brain tissue).
The presence or absence of metastases, as well as the scope and rate of metastasis depend on the immunobiological state of the organism.
The appearance of the tumor
The appearance of the tumor begins with the appearance in the fabric of a small group of cells with a tendency к limitless division. In the development of a tumor, stages of uneven hyperplasia (an increase in the number of cells), focal growths, benign tumors and malignant tumors are distinguished. The stages immediately preceding a malignant tumor (focal growths or benign tumors) are called precancer. Each cancer has its own precancer; This is confirmed by many observations in the clinic and animal experiments. The staged development of the tumor and the possibility of further enhancing its malignancy are reflected in the concept of tumor progression. In the course of progression, the independence of the tumor from the body systems that normally control cell division processes increases (tumor autonomy increases).
Tumors consist of parenchyma, t. e. the actual tissue, and stroma produced from surrounding connective tissue. their tissue origin of the tumor is reflected in the title: the ending "-oma" (. Greek oma) is attached to the fabric name. For example, tumors of cartilage called chondroma, tissue from muscle - myoma etc. Some tumors have a specific name. For example, malignant tumors of connective tissue called sarcoma (from the Greek sarx, genitive sarkos -. Meat), because of its cross-sectional tissue resembles a fish meat.
A malignant epithelioma called carcinoma (from the Greek karkinos -. Cancer). In many countries, the term "cancer" refers to all malignant tumors, regardless of their tissue origin. Some tumors are called by the authority from which they originate, or part of an organ, for example insuloma - tumors of pancreatic islet tissue.
An important role in the detection of the nature and causes of tumors was played by experimental studies. Under the influence of experiments on tumor transplantation, the idea of their autonomy arose, because the tumor tissue is able to survive in the organism of another animal and grow over many years. Multiple and long-term transplantable tumors (tumor strains) are used both to study the properties of the tumor, and to develop and control methods of their treatment, in particular, medicinal. Modern experimental oncology also uses tumor implantation - by cultivating tumor tissues and cells outside the body. Experimental studies have shown that many tumors can be caused by viruses. However, cancer and most other tumors are not considered infectious in the conventional sense of the word.
It is established that representatives of some professions, under the influence of prolonged contact with certain products, can develop skin cancer (from chimney sweeps), lung cancer (from ore miners of uranium mines), etc. These observations have led to many experiments, during which it was found that a number of substances belonging to different classes of chemical compounds can cause cancer and other tumors; They were called carcinogens (blastomogenic, oncogenic). In addition to exogenous, ie, carcinogenic substances originating from the environment, tumors can also be caused by endogenous carcinogenic substances that arise in the body itself. The formation of such substances can be a consequence of a violation of protein metabolism (derivatives of tryptophan or tyrosine amino acids), the exchange of steroids (in particular, sex hormones), and the like. Many human tumors have dyshormonal origin (breast and prostatic gland cancer, uterine cancer, uterine fibroids, some tumors of the ovaries, testes, etc.). In addition to viruses and chemicals, the cause of the tumor can be a blastomogenic effect of radiation.
Tumors can occur due to various physical, chemical and biological influences. Single point of view on the subject of the intimate mechanisms of implementation of these actions is not.
In the emergence and development of the tumor, the general reaction of the organism, which depends both on the genotype and on the factors of the external environment, is of great importance. Some rare forms of tumor and precancerous conditions are known in man, which undoubtedly are inherited. Such, for example, retinoblastoma and pigment xeroderma. The latter easily passes into skin cancer under the influence of irradiation with ultraviolet rays. However, for the majority of human tumors, the hereditary transmission is not proven. Hereditary factors determine mainly the predisposition to the tumor, ie, this or that reaction of the organism to blastomogenic influences. In the realization of the specific effect of the latter, the decisive role is played by the general state of the organism, depending, for example, on the characteristics of nutrition and other conditions of life.
Diagnosis of cancer based on clinical and instrumental examination of the patient, which includes x-ray, endoscopic, morphological, immunological, chemical methods. Especially important is the timely diagnosis. tumors, because the most effective treatment, begun in the early stages of the disease; often the final diagnosis of the tumor is made by biopsy results.
Treatment of tumors
Applied surgical, radiation and drug methods in the treatment of tumors, as well as various combinations thereof. When choosing a method of treatment allow for the localization, structure, stage of tumor development in the treatment tumors of the gastrointestinal tract is of predominant importance surgical method, in the treatment of skin tumors, the lower lip of the cervix - radiation in the treatment of breast cancer - a combination of all three methods.
Drug treatment of tumors, the youngest branch of tumor therapy, is successfully used as an independent method, for example, in chorionepithelioma - malignant tumor uterine body in young women.
In economically developed countries, cancers occupy 2-th place among all causes of death. In most countries, 1-m frequency diseases place among malignant tumors - cancer of the stomach, followed by lung cancer, uterine cancer And breast cancer in women, esophageal cancer in men. Malignant tumors affect more often older people. The "aging" of the population, as well as the improvement of methods for diagnosing a tumor, can lead to an apparent increase in morbidity and mortality from malignant tumors. Therefore, special corrections (standardized indicators) are used in scientific statistics. The study of tumor statistics on a global scale has revealed a significant uneven distribution of individual tumor forms in different countries, in different peoples, in various limited populations. It is established, for example, that skin cancer (usually on exposed parts of the body) is more common among the population of hot countries (excessive irradiation with ultraviolet rays). Cancer of the mouth, tongue, and gums is common in India, Pakistan and some other countries in Asia, which is associated with the bad habit of chewing betel. In a number of countries in Asia and South America, penile cancer is a likely consequence of people's non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene.
Epidemiological studies have shown that the incidence of cancer specific localization changes, if changing the living conditions of the population. For example, the British who migrated to Australia The United States or South Africa, lung cancer is more common than in the indigenous population of these countries, but less than the residents of the UK itself. Stomach cancer is widespread in Japan is wider than in the US; Japanese residing permanently in the United States (eg, San Francisco), ill with stomach cancer are more likely than other residents, but less frequently and in a more advanced age than their counterparts in Japan.
In the prevention of tumor are two main areas: the prevention of tumor occurrence (hygienic prevention) and preventing their development (clinical prevention). Hygienic prophylaxis of a tumor consists in the improvement of the external environment, in the full or partial release of it from carcinogenic agents, which present a potential danger to humans. The fundamental basis of such prevention is a firmly established causal relationship between the fact of the onset of the tumor and the dose of the carcinogenic agent: the smaller the dose, the later and a smaller number of people will have cancer. Clinical prevention is the timely recognition and cure of a precancer. The main method of clinical prophylaxis is systematic mass prophylactic examinations of the whole population and the clinical examination of its individual groups. To prevent the tumor of certain localizations, a number of special techniques and methods are used. Thus, systematic cytological studies of swabs from the vagina allow timely detection of cervical cancer, careful introspection - an effective measure of preventing breast cancer.
Prevention largely avoids the occurrence and treatment of tumors as a consequence
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