The extract of the mycelium Coprinus comatus It has great therapeutic and prophylactic potential and has such diverse and important pharmaceuticals in many acute and chronic diseases of the human body. Coprinus comatus, Due to the peculiarities of its chemical composition has a strong hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, antitumor, antibacterial properties and is used for obesity therapy, liver disease, cancer and diabetes.
The fungus Coprinus comatus has great therapeutic and prophylactic action potential on the organs and systems of human body as a source of useful drugs (ParkH.J. Etal., 2014). Among dominant white dung therapeutic properties may be mentioned are hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, antitumor, antibacterial effect and a number of other additional effects (FanJ etal, 2006;.. BaileyC.J etal, 1984..).
Mycelium extracts of this higher fungus have antioxidant properties, as well as hypoglycemic effect, they improve the tissue tissue tolerance to glucose (DingZ. Etal., 2010; TsaiS.Y. Etal., 2009). In addition, extracts of white dung demonstrated lipid-lowering effect and antioxidant properties in experiments on mice with experimentally reproduced diabetes mellitus. The obtained data indicate that the antioxidant activity of the molecules that make up this fungus can be responsible, as an inducer of substances that have hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic actions (YuJ. Etal., 2009).
I. Background.
The area of growth.
This fungus is widely represented in the meadows of Europe and North America. It has been introduced in Australia, New Zealand and Iceland.
Biochemical composition.
Artificially cultivated mushrooms white dung contain significant amounts of carbohydrates, monounsaturated fatty acids, and tocopherol. In contrast, wild species of fungi are characterized by significantly higher levels of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, organic acids and phenols. In dung white determined 8-13% solids, of which 22-38% is protein, 15-45% - carbohydrates and 1-5% - fats (Stojkovic D. et al, 2013.).
II.Farmakologicheskie and pharmacological effects.
Obesity. When carrying out studies in experimental animals, the inhibitory effect of white hats was established on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes. This cellular reaction was mediated by a decrease in the expression of adipocyte-specific transcription factors C / EBPδ and PPARγ. As a consequence, a sharp decrease in the accumulation of lipids in the cells was observed in the cells. In addition, the use of this agent obtained from the white manure during the period of cell differentiation caused a significant decrease in PPARγ and adipogenic targeting genes (adenocyte protein 2, lipoprotein lipase and adiponectin). In this case, oppression of the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3β was noted. These effects were more pronounced in the presence of the Akt phosphorylation inhibitor (LY294002). These data indicate that the white dye cap contains substances that effectively inhibit differentiation of adipocytes due to inhibition of the Akt signaling process. These processes are also accompanied by a decrease in body weight and fat tissue of rats receiving a diet enriched with fats. Also, the accumulation of lipids in fatty tissue cells of rats with obesity, the development of concomitant metabolic disorders decreased. The adipocyte size of the epididymal fat of the experimental rats fed with the fetal cap of the fruiting bodies was significantly less than that of the control rats that received fat-enriched food. The white donkey sharply reduced the level of total cholesterol and triglycerides in the serum of white rats receiving a diet with excess content. Thus, the decrease in the body weight of rats that received supplemental fungal spoilage was associated with a decrease in the total body fat mass of the experimental animals (ParkH.J. Etal., 2014).
Substances of the fruit bodies of the fungus also cause inhibition of the transcription factors responsible for adipogenesis (C / EBPα, C / EBPβ and PPARγ) in the experiments performed on 3Т3-L1 preadipocytes (KimS.O. etal., 2014). The authors used the illnutines C2 and C3, obtained from the Coprinus fungus. In addition, these pharmacologically active components dose-dependently increased the release of glycerol from adipose tissue cells, respectively, reducing the intracellular accumulation of lipids, increasing their transmembrane transport and metabolism in cells. The illuminas C2 and C3 changed the mRNA level of the enzyme, triglyceridylase and hormone-sensitive lipase dose-dependently. The data obtained indicate that the studied illudins can be useful as adjuvant treatment for alimentary obesity due to their modulatory effects on adipose tissue, due to the effect on differentiation of adipocytes and mobilization of fat from the corresponding depots (KimS.O. etal., 2014).
Very promising is the further study found hepatoprotectivex properties. Daily intake 50 mg / kg of the mushroom extract polysaccharides significantly reduced adverse cytotoxic effect of alcohol on the structure and function of hepatocytes. These results have been demonstrated using histopathologic evaluation in rats that received long-alcohol diet. It is shown that administration of substances fungus dung rats of the experimental group was accompanied by a decrease in hepatocyte vacuolation and normalization of hepatic function (OzalpF.O. Etal., 2014).
Results from clinical studies indicate antitumor и immunomodulatory Action. In a study by Rouhana-Toubi et al., 2013, it was shown that dry ethyl acetate extract of fruit bodies Coprinuscomatus inhibits the viability of three human ovarian cancer cell lines (ES-2, SKOV-3, SW-626). The active fraction of ethyl acetate extract of fruiting bodies of white manure was isolated to check its antitumor efficacy. It was found that fraction F eluted using chromatographic segregation on silica gel proved to be significantly more effective than the coarse fraction in terms of reducing the viability of ovarian cancer cells (SKOV-3). By gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry, it was found that the fraction consists predominantly of fatty acids (Rouhana-Toubi A. etal., 2013). In the next study, the water-soluble polysaccharide CCP-1, which possessed antitumor and immunomodulatory activity, was obtained from the fruit bodies of the white manure by column chromatography (on DEAE-cellulose and Sepharose CL-6B). The isolated polysaccharide effectively inhibited the growth of 180 sarcoma in mice, increasing the ratio of spleen to thymus ratio and body weight of mice with a tumor. In addition, concanavalin A- and LPS-induced proliferation of splenocytes increased after the use of this polysaccharide by experimental mice, while the production of cytokines TNF-α and IL-2 (JiangX.G. Etal., 2013) was simultaneously increased.
According to a study by an international team of authors, the treatment of the ovarian cancer cell line ES-2 with ethyl acetate of white dung extract (100 μg / ml), during 48 hours or 72 h resulted in an increase in the number of cells in the sub-G1 phase of the cell cycle. These procedures were accompanied by an increase in the number of apoptotic cells (positively stained with annexin and positively labeled TUNEL) compared to the control. A decrease in the level of procaspases -3, -8, and -9 in the cells of the fungus studied by the extract was also established. Thus, ethyl acetate-white dye extract induces the development of apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells by both external factors and internal signaling pathways (Rouhana-Toubi A. etal., 2015).
Lactase is a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 64 kDa, successively purified and isolated from the white manure using three chromatographic steps of ion exchange chromatography on 1) DEAE-cellulose, 2) CM cellulose and 3) Q-Sepharose, as well as additional gel filtration on Superdex 75. This protein has a unique N-terminal amino acid sequence (AIGPVADLKV) and has a pronounced inhibitory effect on the proliferating tumor cell lines HepG2 and MCF7. Lacca successfully inhibited human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV 1), reverse transcriptase (RT), with a value corresponding to IC50, quantitatively reached 3,46 μM, 4,95 μM, and 5,85 μM, respectively, which means that the protein is an anti-pathogenic factor (ZhaoS . Etal., 2015).
The antimicrobial effect. Artificially cultivated mushrooms white dung not only possess high antioxidant potential, but the antimicrobial activity (except Gram-negative bacteria and Aspergillus ochraceus), than wild gribyCoprinuscomatus (StojkovicD., 2013).
Other therapeutic effects. Coprinus comatus actively absorbs vanadium and many other metals (HanC etal, 2009;.. HanC etal, 2008..). Its antidiabetic activity, particularly related to the concentration of vanadium in the mycelium of the fungus higher (HanC. Etal., 2008).
It was found that the use of polysaccharides produced by white dung beetle statistically significantly lowers the serum glucose level in rats with streptozocin-induced diabetes (Yamac et al., 2009). Continuing the topic of the role of vanadium ions, it should be emphasized that its atoms in combination with individual polysaccharides of dung beetle accelerate the healing of a femoral fracture caused in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Compared with the control group of animals, the combination treatment proposed by the authors increased the mineral content in the rat bone, and also improved the microstructural properties of the callus. 4 weeks after the development of the fracture, the total callus volume increased by 11,2% (p <0,05), while there was a significant increase in the total callus area (by 35,5%). However, the results of histological analysis did not confirm the possibility of accelerating the healing process of a femoral fracture against the background of an experimental model of diabetes mellitus as a result of the use of absorbed vanadium (Wang G. et al., 2013).
Other properties. Triglycerides derived from subjected to enzymatic treatment dung white possess pronounced anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive properties (ability to reduce pain sensitivity). Experimental therapy of animals via reduced triglyceride levels of cytokines and total antioxidant status (TAOS), inhibited development in mice abdominal spasms induced by acetic acid, and also dose-dependently reduced CFA-induced tactile hyperalgesia. It was found that the LD50 Data triglycerides was 400 mg / kg. Nevertheless, triglycerides substantially reduced response time to the thermal stimulus animals in the "hot plate" test (Ren J. et al., 2012).
Coprinus comatus can effectively transform glinkolid In glingolida molecule B, which has anti-ischemic, anti-oxidant and anti-konvulsantnymi properties may be used in the treatment of thrombosis. This fact allows to recommend the use of white dung as a cheaper and more effective materials to produce glinkolida B having such a diverse and important pharmacotherapeutic effect in many acute or chronic diseases of the human body (Ding H. et al., 2015).
Thus, Coprinus comatus, due to the peculiarities of its chemical composition has a pronounced hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic, antitumor, antibacterial action and is used for the treatment of obesity, liver diseases, cancer and diabetes. An analysis of the results of several studies, it was found that a substance derived from the dung of white exhibited an inhibitory effect on the differentiation of cells into adipocytes, reduces the accumulation of lipids in the cells of the adipose tissue of rats with obesity, significantly reduced adverse cytotoxic effects of alcohol on the structure and function of hepatocytes, inhibited the viability of three human cell lines of ovarian cancer, increased the number of apoptotic cells and statistically significantly lowered serum glucose levels rats.
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Literature
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